A cantilever beam subjected to point load on free end will have a maximum bending moment (M=PL) at the fixed end and the constant shear force (P) throughout the length. Therefore the maximum stress will be at the fixed end and failure will occur at that point.

Assume stress in X direction(X) = 1200 MPa.

Stress in Y direction(Y) = 600 MPa.

Shear stress(S) = 400 MPa.

Max. Normal stress=(X+Y)/2+Sqrt(((X-Y)/2)square+S square).

= (1200+600)/2 + sqrt(300 square + 400 square).

=1400 MPa

Stress is nothing but the resisting force since due to temperature rise body will expand and if this expansion due to temperature change is restricted then only resisting stress (thermal stress) will come into play since expansion is not restricted that’s why no stress is occurring.

The strain energy is defined as the energy stored in any object which is loaded within its elastic limits. In other words, the strain energy is the energy stored in anybody due to its deformation.

The volumetric strain is the unit change in volume, i.e. the change in volume divided by the original volume.

The compressor is the power source in the pneumatic system.

An actuator is an element of hydraulic and pneumatic systems where work is done. For linear actuation a piston is given translatory motion within a cylinder, thus cylinder is a part of an actuator.  

There are two main types of hydraulic power transmission systems: hydrokinetic, such as the hydraulic coupling and the hydraulic torque converter, which use the kinetic energy of the liquid; and hydrostatic, which use the pressure energy of the liquid.

There are two types of actuators linear and rotary. The linear actuator is called cylinder and a rotary actuator is called as the motor.