Grader performs various operations like grading, spreading, side cutting and mixing of loose materials

Section 123 in The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 states that Flexible cable exceeding 90 metres in length shall not be used with any portable or transportable apparatus, provided that such flexible cable when used with coal-cutting machines for long wall operation shall not exceed 180 metres in length, provided further that the aforesaid cable in case of an open cast mine, when used with electrically operated heavy earth moving machinery shall not exceed 300 metres in length.

The dragline is a giant earth mover whose cycle time is greater than both electric rope shovel and Hydraulic shovel 

Shovel is used for loading the coal on dumper/hauler. It can also be used for auxiliary operations like Ramp construction, Sump construction & providing berm

The operation of the bucket involves keeping it in four positions, viz., hold position, raising or lowering position, float position and tilting position.

Steel has high strength per unit mass, highly durable, and is reusable. But steel is poor in fire and corrosion resistance, it needs to be protected.

For the uniformly varying load on the beam, the shear force diagram is parabolic in nature.

The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a beam along which there are no stress and strains.